Mathematics & statistics

Adjustment theory: an introduction

Peter J. G. Teunissen
TU Delft OPEN Publishing · Second edition (2024) · English · Published 2024

Least-squares adjustment, mathematical model representations and estimation from redundant observations, with a historical appendix.

Learning stage
Advanced college
Prerequisites
Linear algebra, calculus and introductory probability.
PDF pages
211 in this file
Editorial review
2026-10-29

Contents

Choose the section you need. Listening availability is shown for each section.

  • Blank Page

    Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • Preface

    Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • Blank Page

    Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • Contents

    Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • Blank Page

    Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • Introduction

    Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • 1 Linear estimation theory: an introduction
    • 1 Linear estimation theory: an introduction

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 1.1 Introduction

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 1.2 Least-squares estimation (orthogonal projection)

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 1.3 Weighted least-squares estimation

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 1.4 Weighted least-squares is also orthogonal projection

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • Intermezzo: Cholesky decomposition

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 1.5 The mean and covariance matrix of least-squares estimators

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 1.6 Best Linear Unbiased Estimators (BLUE’s)

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 1.7 The Maximum Likelihood (ML) method

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 1.8 Summary

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • Table 1.1

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • 2 The model with observation equations
    • 2 The model with observation equations

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 2.1 Introduction

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 2.2 Least-squares estimation

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • Intermezzo

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 2.3 The mean and covariance matrix of least-squares estimators

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 2.4 Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 2.5 The orthogonal projector

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 2.6 Summary

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • 3 The model with condition equations
    • 3 The model with condition equations

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 3.1 Introduction

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 3.2 Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 3.3 The case B*E{y}=b^0, b^0≠0

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 3.4 Summary

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • 4 y^R - Variates
    • 4 y^R - Variates

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 4.1 Introduction

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 4.2 Free variates

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 4.3 Derived variates

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 4.4 Constituent variates

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • 5 Mixed model representations
    • 5 Mixed model representations

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 5.1 Introduction

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 5.2 The model representation B*E{y}=Ax

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 5.3 The model representation E{y}=Ax , B*x=0

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • 6 Partitioned model representations
    • 6 Partitioned model representations

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 6.1 Introduction

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 6.2 The partitioned model E{y} = (A1 : A2)(xsub1 over xsub2)

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 6.3 The partitioned model (recursive estimation)

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • Table 6.1: Recursive estimation (A-form)

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • Table 6.2: Recursive estimation (B-form)

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • Table 6.3

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 6.4 The partitioned model (block estimation I)

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 6.5. The partitioned model (block estimation II)

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • Table 6.4: Block estimation

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • Table 6.5: Block estimation

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 6.6 The partitioned model (Estimation in phases)

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • Table 6.6: Estimation in phases

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • Table 6.7: Correspondence between partitioned condition equations and partitioned observation equations

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • 7 Nonlinear models, linearization, iteration
    • 7 Nonlinear models, linearization, iteration

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 7.1. The nonlinear A-model

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • 7.2 The nonlinear B-model and its linearization

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • Appendix A Taylor’s theorem with remainder

    Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • Appendix B Unconstrained optimization: optimality conditions

    Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • Appendix C Linearly constrained optimization: optimality conditions

    Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • Appendix D Constrained optimization: optimality conditions

    Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • Appendix E Mean and variance of scalar random variables

    Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • Appendix F Mean and variance of vector random variables
    • Appendix F Mean and variance of vector random variables

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • Appendix G

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

    • A BRIEF ACCOUNT ON THE EARLY HISTORY OF ADJUSTING GEODETIC AND ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS0F

      Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • Literature

    Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

  • Index

    Read the original · Narration availability requires a section review.

Sources and permissions

The author and publisher remain the source of this textbook. Permission information applies to the specific files in this edition.

Author, publisher, and discovery sources

Authors: Peter J. G. Teunissen
Publisher: TU Delft OPEN Publishing

  • Discovered through Open Textbook Library: Source record · Checked 2026-10-29
  • Discovered through Open Textbook Library: Source record · Checked 2026-10-25
CC BY 4.0

Peter J. G. Teunissen. Adjustment theory: an introduction. TU Delft OPEN Publishing. Second edition (2024). CC BY 4.0.

Read the license

Original publication

Changes: Original PDF bytes are unchanged. Catalog metadata and page viewing are supplied by iReadAll. No endorsement implied. Structured extraction, audio, translation and independent image redistribution are not approved.

Checked 2026-10-29

More actions
Download original PDF